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我不在家,就在咖啡馆;不在咖啡馆,就在去咖啡馆的路上。
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June 02

转载:“汶川”的汶字到底读wén还是wèn?

“汶川”的汶字到底读wén还是wèn? (2008-05-31 0:01:02)
标签:汶川 地震 发音 文化    

序:本来不想学孔乙己:“这是怎麽‘囘’事兒?”,可“汶”这个字关乎着我每天的发音,假若天天口吐白字,对不起我们所谓的“受过高等教育、出入上流社会”的口号啊!

为“汶”字正音

               涂建华

    2008年5月12日,四川省汶川县发生里氏8级地震,中央电视台第一时间播报了这个消息,并随即连续24小时报道,使一个叫“汶川”的地名让观众耳熟能详,并带出关于“汶”字的读音问题,需要辨正。

    “汶”是一个读音很复杂的字,很易出错。“汶”在语文中使用频率不高,这就使很多人不太认识。因为大众生疏,一旦出现误导,将会被大多数原本不知者接受,三人成虎,像劣币驱逐良币一样,使本来正确的读音被淘汰。语言上的逆淘汰,对弱势语言是不公的,违背了真理原则,因此煞有介事,考证“汶”字音义,略述如下以显求真务实之精神。

    一、“汶”基本读音为wén,读若“文”。

    “汶”是一个多音多义字,《康熙字典》确定它的第一个意义就是“文”的古字,称:“汶,古‘文’字。” “汶”又写作“渂”。《康熙字典》收录“汶”在先,“汶”“渂”两字同义。“汶”是一个多音字,它的第一个音就是“文”。然后才有其他的音。作为基本音wén,《康熙字典》的依据是《广韵》、《集韵》:“无分切,音文,粘唾也。又辽东有汶城。即孤竹国也,音文。”这就是说:在wén的读音下,汶有“粘唾”和“汶城”这两个意义。

    汶城,新莽前叫文县,新莽改文县为文亭,东汉改“文”为“汶”,就是古代的孤竹国,在今天大连一带。

    二、山东地方音wèn,读若“问”。

    汶,山东音wèn,指汶水。

    汶水有主流支流,《山海经》、和《书经》等有详细记录,这些记录被《康熙字典》收录,称大汶水、大汶河等,“源出山东莱芜县北,西南流经古嬴县南,古称嬴汶。”(辞海)。又晋郭缘生《述征记》:“泰山郡水皆名曰汶。”衍生的地名有汶上、汶阳等。其读音《说文》注为“亡运切”,《唐韵·集韵》注文运切。

    作为源流均在山东的水“汶”,被今天的《辞海》和《现代汉语词典》等确定为第一个义项也是唯一的义项。

    三、“汶”是“岷”的异体字,音mín。

    “汶”是“岷”的异体字,《集韵》标的是“眉贫切”、《正韵》标“弥邻切”,都读mín。《正韵》称“音珉,与岷通,汶江也。”《舆地广记》:“汶山,在茂州汶山县西北,俗谓之铁豹岭,禹之导江发迹于此。又,汶山,郡名,汶川,县名。”山水相依,汶山之下有汶水,汶山汶川,一个是郡名,一个是县名。作为县名的汶川是隋出现的。《蜀王本纪》:“禹本汶山郡广柔县人,生于石纽。广柔,隋改曰汶川。”《战国策·燕策二》:“蜀地之甲,轻舟浮于汶,乘夏水而下江,五日而至郢。” 清·顾祖禹《读史方舆纪要·四川一·封域》
引《(岷江)志》:“岷江亦曰汶江。”

     “岷”怎么会通“汶”呢?原来,“岷”的古字很复杂,历史上字体的改变和笔画的简化,就成了“岷”字或“汶”字。有人认为“汶”是“岷”的隶书之变,可能有一点道理,但笔者还没有获得实据。《说文》:“岷,山名,在蜀湔氐西徼外,本作×。”这个“×”是由“民”、“日”、“欠”、“山”四个部分组成的。这个字太复杂,后来就不用了,今天也打不出来了。但四个部分为后来的简化提供了依据。一个是往“民”“山”方向的简化,成了“岷”,一个是往“欠”这个方向的简化,就成了“汶”。

    “欠”和“文”不是一个字,怎么就联系起来了呢?这就是形近的原因。在手书中,“欠”和“文”往往混为一样了。作为地名的“岷(汶)”既是山,又是水,山水不可分。用形声法造字时,作为山的mín就成了“岷”,而做为水的mín就成了“汶”。

    由于形近而使同字异体的情况,比较多见。上面我们说了,“岷”的古字是“民”、“日”、“欠”、“山”四部分合成的。这是《康熙字典》的说法。在《说文》中,篆书却是“氏”、“日”、“欠”、“山”四部分的组合。说明《说文》把“氏”“民”混淆了。根据“岷”字的音义,很显然“氏”这个部分是误写的,《康熙字典》的改变是正确的。因形近而异写的情况,在当时是一个错误,但以讹传讹,后代就认可了。

   既然“民”可误为“氏”,“欠”误成“文”也就可以理解了。

    这就是“岷”、“汶”相通的原因。

    值得注意的是:尽管这两个字是相通的,但他们并不是通假字,而是异体字。“汶”是“岷”的异体,即“岷”的另一种写法。这一点,包括古籍也没有明确指出,或者还搞错了。

    作为“岷”的异体字,“汶川”的“汶”与“汶上”的“汶”,和“发箭”的“发(發)”与“头发”的“发(髮)”的关系类似:他们形体相同,原来毫不相干。

    四、形容词“汶”音mén,读若“门”。

    作为形容词的“汶”有两个意义,一是玷污、污辱。《史记·屈原贾生列传》:“受物之汶汶。”二是蒙蔽,清?周亮工《休休道人授书图记》:“惟静者见微,如其见著,岂复有能汶之者乎?”

    五、其他读音:wěn。

    作为山东水名的“汶”,还有另一个音wěn。《康熙字典》在解释“汶水”时补充道:“又《集韵》,武粉切,音吻,义同。”就是说,同是山东“汶水”、“汶上”、“大汶口”的意义,还可以读wěn(吻)。
  
    六、分析和结论:汶川,读wén(文)川。

    我们确定汶川读音,应该依据以下原则:

    第一:基本读音:如上所述,读wén。

    第二:属地原则:地名是专用的,属地原则是第一原则。调查得知:汶川当地人读“汶”为wén。

    第三:从俗从简从今的原则:从字义上考察,“汶”、“岷”同源,是同一个繁体古字简化来的,属于异体字。但由于我们现在看不出“汶”、“岷”是异体字,他们的形体太悬殊了。所以,不明就里者很难知道,更不可能读准。这样,人们就不可避免地读wén了。现在的问题是,既然我们这样较真,好不容易考证出“汶”的来历,为什么就可以不严谨地世俗地读呢?这里还有一个从简从今的原则。比如,我们都知道“江”的古音是gāng,但我们今天都已经不这样读了。

    第四:“汶”异读的地区原因:在音韵学范畴里,山东地方古音多入声,语音重。这与北方人个头大发音器官共鸣效果好有关。因此,读“汶”为wèn是很自然的。我在考察这种发音习惯时注意到这样一个相似的例子。山东和河南方言说“湖南”“长沙”,就说若“户南”“唱沙”了。而四川属于西南官话区,很少有带入声的发音习惯,说“汶(文)川”是很自然的。今天,现代汉语注音里已经没有入声了。古入声归入了上声和去声。所谓入声,是接近上声和去声的。这样回过头来,我们想见在山东方言里,“汶”的读音既有上声也有去声、或者处在二者之间,这样《康熙字典》在解释“汶水”时才需要补充“又《集韵》,武粉切,音吻,义同。”

    同属北方的辽东,汶城为什么就不共鸣出一个入声wèn呢?道理很简单,因为“汶城”本是“文城”。

    结论:“汶”多音多义的字,作为地名的汶的基本读音是wén(文)。个别地区(如山东)读wèn(问)或wěn(吻)。作为“岷”的异体字本应读mín(民),但依多个原则也读成了wén。作为动词和形容词,读mén(门),但这个音和义今天已经很少用了。

    汶川,应读wén(文)川。

    七、建议与思考。

    作为中央电视台播音员,他们需要在第一时间播报一个突发新闻,因此无法像我这样研究考证,读错一个音是可以理解的。更何况他们还是有依据的。播音员的依据就是《新华字典》或《现代汉语词典》,这样,如果这两种工具书本身有错,播音员就只能将错就错了。由此想到:

    第一、作为大众工具书的《新华字典》或《现代汉语词典》,应该不断完善。大众化原则和普及目的不可避免地削弱了它的完整性。但是在简洁通俗的同时如何保证它的正确全面,就是一个需要认真考虑的问题了。因简致缺致偏甚至本末倒置,就失去了经典的意义。像“汶”字的四个读音和多个意义,《新华字典》简去mín、mén、wěn,是可以的,但让最基本的而且是第一位的wén缺失,如果不是疏忽,那就只能认为是粗糙了。

    第二、当权威的观点出来并被认可,央视播音员应该改正错误。5.12地震原来测定为7.8级,5天后,国家地震局再确定为8级并更改。与此相仿,地震发生地地名的误读更容易而且更应该改正。

    字词工具书改正错误,央视播音员更正读音,还“汶川”以“汶(文)川”的本来面目。

    我本书生,别无所长,把误读改正过来,还灾区地名以本来面目,也算是对灾区人民的支持和尊重吧。

转载自四川新闻网麻辣杂谈
我就觉得该读汶(文)川,我一直都读这个音,我年年进藏区,在那呆了那么久都一直是这个音。这次一地震,电视台就读成四声了,刚开始都还没反应过来。
November 11

转自CBC的一篇报道!!!

Lost in translation

Colourful Chinglish words enter global English

November 8, 2007

I'm in China, covering the Women's World Cup of soccer for CBC Radio. It's another late night and I'm resorting to room service to quell the rumbling in my tummy. But, scanning the menu, I'm not at all sure about the offerings: "stuffed fatty meat pork" makes me squirm. "Slobbering chicken," "lion head" or "cheese melting in ham parcel" … I'm not sold. I opt for the complimentary apples on my table — at least I know what I'm getting. http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_ross/gfx/chinglish1.jpg

English mistranslations of food dishes are rampant in China. My favourite example comes through the dietitian for the Canadian women's soccer team. For obvious reasons, the players were very careful not to be too experimental with food. Chicken is usually a safe bet, but not when the dish is translated as "the fragrance explodes the cowboy bone." That could have been too, well, explosive.

Other examples of mistranslations abound. A massage therapist advertises: "Relex your tired of bady"; a toilet for a disabled person is labelled "Deformed man toilet"; a slippery road is marked "Beware, the slippery are very crafty" (but they are!). "Drinktea" is hung on a shop door to mean it's closed (it also means "resting" in Mandarin). Yes, Chinglish is the weird and wonderful result of an English dictionary colliding with Chinese ideograms that often have multiple meanings.

These linguistic delicacies may well stay in China, but some experts say Chinglish words are zipping around the globe, even working their way into the English language.

The Global Language Monitor tracks and analyzes trends in global English. Its president, Harvard-educated linguist Paul Payack, says the Chinglish phenomenon is helping drive the globalization of the English language, contributing up to 20 per cent of new global English words. Payack says the rate has increased in the past several years because of China's rising number of English speakers and economic boom. The surge in internet users has allowed for the free flow of Chinglish.

In its most recent annual survey, GLM selected the top Chinglish words: No noising (quiet, please!), airline pulp (food served on a plane), jumping umbrella (hang-glider) and question authority (information booth, interestingly enough). I decided to take some local words back home with me, stuffing them into my already bloated suitcase: financial supermarket (what better word for one store offering stocks, insurance and real estate services?) and super brand mall (only top-end items, please).

Payack says unless a word is on paper, the Oxford English Dictionary doesn't count it, but he insists the real language is what's spoken and what's used on the internet. "Maybe only five per cent of Chinglish words will stick around," he says, "but that's a lot." He expects the language cycle will go into high gear during next year's Beijing Olympics. http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_ross/gfx/chinglish2.jpg

The rising influence of China is coming not only through Chinese-influenced English, but also through its more famous export: Mandarin, the most widely spoken language on the planet. And beyond China's borders, tens of millions of people are now picking up scribes and learning to ink ideograms.

"If Mandarin Chinese ever becomes the first choice of a second language to learn, as English has been, there is … less of a chance for these Chinglish expressions to survive or make significant impact," University of Victoria linguistics professor Hua Lin says. If Mandarin becomes so popular that people speak Mandarin instead of English as a second language, people will communicate less in English, giving it less chance to be influenced by Chinese, Lin explains. Meanwhile, China's biggest cities are intent on sweeping the streets clear of unintelligible Chinglish. Beijing has launched a campaign to stamp out bad English in time for its international debut at next year's Olympics.

At Shanghai's Foreign Languages Institute, a bespectacled Zhang Jiani has spearheaded a student initiative to clean up English on menus, in taxis, in shops and in banks. She's an accounting student, but says this is her civic duty: "I think most of the students here have some English skills and I think it's our responsibility to do something for the city." She says they must, if Shanghai is to market itself as a truly international city.

So, once every few weeks, she meets up with a group of students to trek through designated parts of the city. Equipped with electronic dictionaries, they studiously note any suspected mistranslations. They get the correct wording from a professor, then deliver it to the perpetrator who, they hope, makes the correction.

转自CBC News

明年就奥运会了,汗一个!!!

September 04

Compleanno!

Possedere detto a se stesso quello, “il compleanno è allegro! „ È stato usato al compleanno della persona.Ha-ha! 
April 21

Motto

 
 
 Vivito y coleando!
March 18

折杨柳歌辞

折杨柳歌辞

北朝明歌

健儿须快马,快马须健儿。
跸跋黄尘下,然后别雌雄。